BOOK QUOTES

GAUNTLETT, DAVID - media gender and identity

- In the most obvious example , people in europe and usa typically spend three or four hours per day watching television.

- [page 5] women in great britian spent more time shopping and domestic work in 2005 rather than paid work. Men spent more time on paid work (225 mins)

-rachel mayanja the special advisor to the security - general said on gender issues offically summairsed it by saying "women remain largely invisible , their voices are unheard" (united nations 2006)

The Vinyl Ain't Final: Hip Hop and the Globalization of Black Popular Culture: Hip Hop and the Globalisation of Black Popular Culture by Dipannita Basu and Sidney Lemelle (Paperback - 20 Apr 2006)

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Music Video and the Politics of Representatio… (Paperback)

by Diane Railton, Paul Watson

- peter wollens has argued that music videos represent the breakdown of distinction between programmedand ad.

TASKER, YVONNE Working Girls 

• Brian McNair calls this the sexualisation of culture ‘strip tease culture’.[8] 

• image also draws the male gaze which Laura Mulvey identified and also said ‘it is always possible that the female spectator may find herself so out of key with pleasure on offer with its ‘masculinization’ that the spell is broken   
• ‘‘The fascination with black 'butts' continues. In the sexual iconography of the traditional black pornographic imagination the protruding butt is seen as an indication of heightened sexuality’’
• Representing women- myths of femininity in the popular media : by Myra Macdonald – Tessa Perkins (1979) stereotypes survive by undergoing change and by convincing us that that are not entirely false (pg13)
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• Refashioning the body pg 215- Barthes ‘ there is social prohibition against the feminization of men, there is almost none against the masculinization of women’
  ‘A woman attired as a man may be seen as ‘power dressing’ or as adapting the mannerism of lesbianism’  USE FOR SOCIAL PARAGRAPH
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• Women can also interpret laddism as a sign that men would prefer them to go back to being more traditionally ‘feminine’ since men feel they are being more ‘masculine’.Waghorn,J (1999). A message for the media:young women talk.London: Livewire pg48 
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• GENDER RACE AND MEDIA REPRESENTATION  BY DWIGHT E BROOKES AND LISA P HEBERT
• Edwards (1993) argues
  that music videos play into male sexual
  fantasies and that the notion of the black
  woman as a sex object or whore is always
  placed in opposition to the image of black
  woman as mammy.
• Within this context three primary
  research interests have emerged: the
  objectification of black women’s bodies for
  the voyeuristic pleasure of men (Hill
  Collins, 2004; hooks, 1994; Jones, 1994); 
• The objectification of black women’s
  bodies in hip-hop music videos, according
  to Jones (1994), is particularly disturbing
  because these videos are produced primarily
  by black men. (chnage of how females represented)  EQUALITY RIGHTS BLACKS WORK
• As Fiske (1996) contends,
  “Whiteness is particularly adept at
  sexualizing racial difference, and thus
  constructing its others as sites of savage
  sexuality” (p. 45). (POLITICAL) 
• Perry (2003) explains that
  the messages these videos send to young
  women about their bodies are harmful.
  She argues that “the beauty ideal for black
  women presented in these videos is as
  impossible to achieve as the waif-thin
  models in Vogue magazine are for White
  women” (p. 138). In addition to the black
  body ideal of large breasts, thin waist and
  round buttocks presented in videos, many
  of the black women featured depict a
  Westernized beauty ideal of lighter skin,
  long hair, and blue or green eyes. 
• Hill Collins (2004) notes
  that many African American women rappers
  “identify female sexuality as part of
  women’s freedom and independence”
  (p. 127), maintaining that being sexually
  open does not make a woman a tramp or a
  “ho,” which is a common term placed upon
  women in hip-hop.
• Rose (1994) demands
  a more multifaceted analysis of black
  women’s identity and sexuality within rap music, while Perry (2003) asserts that any
  power granted to female rappers based
  upon their being labeled attractive in conventional
  ways limits the feminist potential
  of their music. 
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• REPRESENTATION OF GENDERS IN THE PAST 
• FOR HISTORICAL PARA - WOMEN ARE MORE THAN TWICE AS LIKELY AS MEN TO BE SEEN INSIDE THE HOME AND WHEN SEEN IN PAID WORK ENVIORMENT , they were often sbservient to men.
• Studies in the late 1970s and early 1980 saw a continuation of these trends, with men often shon st work and women as housewifes. Nevertheless, it becamse somewhat more common for men to be shown at home as well , in the role of husband or father. the range of wwomen in ocuppation has increase
• 30 years ago it was enougyh to look beautiful; now a women has to have a tight , toned body, including her buttocks and thighs , so that she is good to touch , all over (ibid 22)
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